Schmallenberg virus sbv after the town schmallenberg. The virus was first identified from outbreaks of rather mild disease in cattle in schmallenberg hence the name in germany in. However, zoonotic potential of this virus cannot be excluded as 1 viruses within the simbu serogroup oropouche virus and iquitos virus are known to be zoonotic and cause human outbreaks. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories given the recent emergence of schmallenberg virus sbv in europe, veterinary services vs is. At the end of 2011, a new orthobunyavirus, tentatively named schmallenberg virus sbv, was discovered in germany. Pdf experimental schmallenberg virus infection of pigs. Genomic studies have shown that sbv closely resembles viruses in the simbu serogroup of the genus orthobunyavirus. Schmallenberg virus is primarily spread by biting insect carriers such as the culicoides midge, which transmits the virus during the vector season april to november. Shamonda, aino, and akabanevirus which are genetically most related to the schmallenberg virus are only found in livestock. Schmallenberg virus is an orthobunyavirus that infects ruminants and can cause transient fever, diarrhea, reduced milk production, congenital malformations, and abortions. Schmallenberg virus sbv is a new emerging livestock disease that has been detected in a number of eu countries. Jul 29, 2014 schmallenberg virus circulation in culicoides in belgium in 2012. Schmallenberg virus is a new emerginglivestock disease that has been detected inbelgium, germany, the netherlands and theuk.
Selfreported health problems were monitored, and a. The virus has been provisionally named schmallenberg virus sbv. The schmallenberg virus sbv was discovered in november 2011 in germany. Saegerman1 1 research unit of epidemiology and risk analysis applied to veterinary sciences urearulg, fundamental and applied research for. Wed like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them. Schmallenberg virus among ruminants in the gaza province. Schmallenberg virus, closely related to other pathogens transmitted by vectors, can cause congenital defects, abortions and stillbirths in infected livestock. Sbv has spread very rapidly to many european countries including the netherlands, belgium, france and the united kingdom. Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus, initially reported in october 2011 causes congenital. Schmallenberg virus circulation in culicoides in belgium in 2012.
Schmallenberg is a town and a climatic health resort in the high sauerland district, germany. Download fulltext pdf experimental schmallenberg virus infection of pigs article pdf available in veterinary microbiology 17034 june 2014 with 58 reads. Schmallenberg virus definition of schmallenberg virus by. Spread of schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in poland between 2012 and 20 magdalena larska m. Schmallenberg virus sbv infection is an emerging infectious disease of ruminants first described in germany in november, 2011. The overall withinherd seroprevalence and the intraclass. Pdf schmallenberg virus sbv emerged in germany in 2011, spread rapidly across europe, and almost disappeared in 20. This may lead to abortion, stillbirth or the birth of weak, malformed newborn animals. Schmallenberg virus infection pankaj dutta1, av harikumar, gk sharma animal health group, national dairy development board, anand 388001 1. It was first isolated in 2011, when a mysterious illness characterized by diarrhea, fever, and reduced milk production struck dairy cattle in germany.
Schmallenberg virus causes stillbirths in animal populations like cattle, goats, sheep, bison and alpaca. Schmallenberg virus was discovered in north rhinewestphalia in germany in 2011. Schmallenberg virus recurrence, germany, 2014 ncbi. Distribution of schmallenberg virus and seroprevalence in. Schmallenberg virus sbv european shamondalike orthobunyavirus last updated 31 january 20. The influence of the wind in the schmallenberg virus outbreak in. It is related to viruses affecting ruminant animals in africa and oceania.
It is thought to be a negativesense, singlestranded rna virus of the bunyaviridae family, genus orthobunyavirus. By area, it is the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of north rhinewestphalia and the second biggest of the region of westphalia with small schmallenberg central town and the rural bad fredeburg kneipp health resort the town has two urban settlements. Development of a virus neutralisation test to detect. Subsequently, the virus was found in belgium, denmark france and in the uk in early 2012. After the unexpected emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 8 btv8 in northern europe in 2006, another arbovirus, schmallenberg virus sbv, emerged in europe in 2011 causing a new economically important disease in ruminants. With small schmallenberg central town and the rural bad. Sbv has spread very rapidly to many european countries including the netherlands, belgium, france and the. May 08, 2012 schmallenberg virus sbv is a novel orthobunyavirus that has been associated with disease in ruminants cattle, sheep and goats in europe. In affected countries, initial surveillance for the infection. Schmallenberg virus north dakota department of agriculture. Hypothetical route of the introduction of schmallenberg virus into. The first case was reported in germany in november 2011 in a town called schmallenberg.
Schmallenberg virus sbv, an orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup, recently emerged in europe and has been suggested to be a shamondasathuperi virus reassortant. Whether schmallenberg virus sbv is a serious threat to ruminant breeding in europe or is just another of the transboundary and emerging pathogens becoming popular recently due to changes in climate, political situations or scientific approaches remains under debate. Outbreaks of disease in adult cattle and birth complications in cattle, sheep and goats were reported between august and november 2011 in both the netherlands and germany. For each of these time periods, the authors conducted a manual extraction of local weather conditions temperature, fig 3. It is an enveloped, negativesense, segmented, singlestranded rna virus, that belongs to. In adults, the infection is transient, lasting less than a week and largely asymptotic except in cattle where it causes fever, diarrhoea and a drop in the milk production. Schmallenberg virus is the informal name given to a recently isolated orthobunyavirus, which has not been given a formal name as of january 20, initially reported in october 2011 to cause congenital malformations and stillbirths in cattle, sheep, goats, and possibly alpaca. One thousand eightytwo sheep samples which were collected from 83 herds all over belgium between november 2011 and april 2012 were tested. After testing ruled out various other illnesses, the orthobunyavirus schmallenberg virus was identified by metagenomic analysis and virus isolation of infected cattle in germany. The unexpected emergence of the orthobunyavirus schmallenberg virus sbv. Ceratopogonidae from targeted and nontargeted sampling activities carried out during the summer months of 2011 to 20 and in late 2014 in various regions in germany were analyzed for the virus by realtime rtpcr. Schmallenberg virus pathogenesis, tropism and interaction.
This follows a lull in cases since the outbreak of 20112012. The schmallenberg virus is a newly discovered reproductive disease from, you guessed it, schmallenberg, germany. Schmallenberg virus, which belongs to orthobunyavirus, causes congenital malformations and stillbirths in ruminants, including cattle and sheep. Schmallenberg virus sbv is an orthobunyavirus strongly related to viruses of the simbu serogroup, which also comprises the akabane virus. Clinical disease associated with sbv infection was first reported from the netherlands. It was one of the first detections of the introduction of a novel virus of veterinary importance to europe using the new technology of nextgeneration sequencing. This virus has since been associated with clinical signs of decreased milk production, watery diarrhoea and fever in dairy cows, and subsequently also with congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids.
Schmallenberg virus guidance for veterinary diagnostic laboratories page 1 of 2 march 22, 2012 schmallenberg virus guidance for u. Consequently, many more cases were reported all over europe, in the netherlands, belgium, the united kingdom and france. Schmallenberg virus sbv, an insecttransmitted orthobunyavirus with a. It is an enveloped, negativesense, segmented, singlestranded rna.
Diagnostics for schmallenberg virus veterinary record. Schmallenberg virustwo years of experiences sciencedirect. Schmallenberg virus as possible ancestor of shamonda virus. Three different routes of inoculation for experimental infection with schmallenberg virus in sheep l. An insecttransmitted orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup was identified as the causative agent and named schmallenberg virus sbv. Within this genus is a serogroup called the simbu viruses which contains this sbv as well as others including the closely related shamonda virus and akabane virus agents which cause disease in other countries.
Field validation of a real time rtpcr approach to assess virus replication and dissemination in midges. En277 4 background as provided by european commission a recently detected virus circulated in the eu in the second semester of 2011 in domestic ruminants cattle, sheep and goats and in wild ruminants. Gupta central institute for research on goats, makhdoom, mathura, u. Schmallenberg virus seroprevalence in german cattle in winterspring 2012. Schmallenberg virus infection is a newly emerging infectious disease of ruminants in europe which spreads through culicoides midges bites. Pdf schmallenberg virus, a novel orthobunyavirus infection in. Schmallenberg virus sbv is a novel orthobunyavirus that has been associated with disease in ruminants cattle, sheep and goats in europe. The virus, belonging to the orthobunyavirus genus in the bunyaviridae family, was first detected in germany, in the netherlands and in belgium in 2011 and soon after. Balmer s, gobet h, nenniger c, hadorn d, schwermer h, vogtlin a. Spread of schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants. A serological survey to detect schmallenberg virus sbvspecific antibodies by elisa was organized in the belgian sheep population to study the seroprevalence at the end of the epidemic. Schmallenberg virus timeline between 2011 and 2019. Schmallenberg virus sbv was discovered in germany near the town of schmallenberg in november 2011 and since then has been found to be the cause of malformations and stillbirths in ruminants.
Simbu serogroup in europe in 2011 confronted veterinary laboratorians with the challenge of swiftly developing molecular assays for robust and sensitive detection and monitoring of sbv infection in ruminant livestock. Where, exactly, on the phylogenetic tree of simbu serogroup. Consequently, many more cases were reported all over europe, in the netherlands, belgium, the. Pdf abstract in autumn 2011, schmallenberg virus was the first orthobunyavirus detected in. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories given the recent emergence of schmallenberg virus sbv in europe, veterinary services vs is taking several proactive steps to engage in the issue. The challenge of schmallenberg virus emergence in europe. Schmallenberg virus belongs to the simbu serogroup of the bunyaviridae family, genus orthobunyavirus.
The fli has also shared its pcr protocol for use by laboratories in italy, denmark. The virus spread over most of europe during the following years, including united kingdom and the nordic countries. European interlaboratory comparison of schmallenberg virus. Epidemiology, molecular virology and diagnostics of. The emergence of schmallenberg virus sbv, a novel orthobunyavirus, in ruminants in europe triggered a joint veterinary and public health response to address the possible consequences to human health. Following the emergence of schmallenberg virus sbv in 2011, 21,397 culicoid biting midges diptera. Spread of schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in. Schmallenberg virus sbv emerged in germany in 2011, spread rapidly across europe. The virus can also infect the foetus of animals infected during the early stage of pregnancy. Three different routes of inoculation for experimental. Schmallenberg virus an increasing number of cases of schmallenberg virus sbv have been reported in several areas of england and wales since late 2016. There is no evidence to suggest that the disease is transmissible to humans to date, people who have been in close contact with infected animals e. The causative agent of schmallenberg virus sbv infection is a virus belonging to a family called bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus.
Schmallenberg virus sbv was discovered in november 2011 in germany and named after the village where the first definitive sample was derived from dairy cattle hoffmann and others 2012. Full text schmallenberg virus infection of ruminants. In affected countries, initial surveillance for the infection was. Shamonda, aino, and akabane virus which are genetically most related to the schmallenberg virus are only found in livestock.
Short communication three different routes of inoculation for experimental infection with schmallenberg virus in sheep l. Results of fullgenome and serologic investigations indicate that sbv belongs to the species sathuperi virus and is a possible ancestor of the reassortant shamonda virus. By area, it is the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of north rhinewestphalia and the second biggest of the region of westphalia. This new virus is provisionally named schmallenberg virus sbv after the town in germany where the first positive samples were found. Screening and surveillance gives producers and purchasers confidence that animals are free of antibodies to schmallenberg virus before trade or export. Smalmereg is a town and a climatic health resort in the high sauerland district, germany. A virus first identified in schmallenberg, germany, in 2011, which causes brain and limb malformations in cattle and lambs. Use of a risk profiling algorithm enabled the conclusion that the risk for zoonotic transmission of sbv could not be excluded completely. It was first notified in ireland, north and south, in autumn 2012. Five years later, a novel virus named schmallenberg virus sbv, in reference to. Schmallenberg virus a new risk in cattle breeding in. So far, the strongest genetic similarity has been detected to the sathuperi. Case definition and guidance for schmallenberg virus page 3 united states department of agriculture animal and plant health inspection service veterinary services march 22, 2012 belgium, france, and the united kingdom are currently being confirmed using this rrt.
The virus, belonging to the orthobunyavirus genus in the bunyaviridae family, was first detected in germany, in the netherlands and in belgium in 2011 and. Other articles where schmallenberg virus is discussed. Schmallenberg virus falls in the simbu serogroup of orthobunyaviruses. Schmallenberg diseasea newly emerged culicoidesborne viral. In 2006, bluetongue virus serotype 8 btv8 emerged in northern europe causing economic losses to cattle and sheep farms. Schmallenberg virus a new risk in cattle breeding in europe. It is a new disease, discovered in november 2011, according to the world organization of animal health oie fact sheet on the virus. Schmallenberg virus can infect pregnant cattle and sheep, causing severe malformations of the foetuses in the womb. Schmallenberg virus, aka sbv, is an emerging livestock disease that has been detected in belgium, germany, the netherlands, france, italy, luxembourg and the uk. The fli has also shared its pcr protocol for use by laboratories in italy, denmark, and the united states.
Schmallenberg virus sbv was originally identified in clinical samples from cattle in germany. It is similar to some other animal diseasepathogens, such as akabane and shamondaviruses, which are transmitted by vectors, suchas midges, mosquitoes and ticks. Schmallenberg virus in azerbaijan 20122018 springerlink. The main difference with bluetongue is the higher rate of spread of sbv, which has important implications for disease control. Lack of evidence for zoonotic transmission of schmallenberg virus. Schmallenberg virus sbv and vaccine the schmallenberg virus sbv has only recently in 2011 appeared in europe and affects ruminants cattle, sheep, goat and bison. Schmallenberg virus seroprevalence in german cattle a, sheep b, and goats c. It appears to be transmitted by midges culicoides spp. The schmallenberg virus was first diagnosed in a small town in germany of the same name in august 2011.
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